In the 1880s, the Russian microbiologist Sergei Winogradsky synthesized Cohn’s morphological taxonomy, Pasteur’s laboratory-based microbial physiology, and his advisor Andrei Famintsyn’s view of the “Exchange of Matter and Transformation of Energy.” In the 1930s, Winogradsky developed his holistic concept of “The Role of Microbes in the General Cycle of Life” into an explicitly ecological science.

Serge Winogradsky, Microbiologie du Sol, 1949